• A study has been conducted based on secondary data analysis from the NFHS-5 which concludes that: (data related to only men was included and analyzed in this study)

1. Compared to a normal male, individuals who smoke regularly have a higher chance of being diagnosed with hypertension. (OR = 1.2, p <0.001)

2. Among those who quit, the male quitters had significantly lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.9, p <0.001).

3. Also, quitters had reduced odds of narrow pulse pressure but increased odds of wide pulse pressure (OR = 0.81 and 1.14, respectively)

4. Excessive blood pressure was linked to factors including age, obesity, living in an urban area, money, and belonging to a tribe, however, habitual smoking was associated with low blood pressure.

5. Middle-aged males and those with central obesity revealed unique relationships with abnormal pulse pressure.

• The study also found that different demographic populations have varying dietary and physical activity habits, which may have led to differences in the outcome.

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